Physiology · Cardiovascular System

ECG: principles, waves, intervals and clinical interpretation

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Definition

  • ECG is the graphic record of the heart's electrical activity, recorded from body-surface electrodes; it represents the algebraic sum of action potentials of all cardiac muscle fibers.
  • Recorded at a paper speed of 25 mm/s:
    • 1 small square (1 mm)0.04 s
    • 1 large square (5 mm)0.20 s

ECG Leads

Classification of ECG leads

Category

Bipolar limb

Leads
I, II, III
Principle
Potential difference between two limb electrodes (Einthoven triangle)

Augmented unipolar limb

Leads
aVR, aVL, aVF
Principle
Exploring electrode vs indifferent electrode of the other two limbs

Unipolar chest (precordial)

Leads
V1 to V6
Principle
Exploring chest electrode vs Wilson's terminal